I remember there was no class to pass the test in the mid 80's when I studied for the 100 ton ocean operator. It was for a specific area and you had to show experience in the area and on the equipment. I think the test was at Govenors Island at GCHQ for the district back then. Today the school is to pass the test and not much more. No celestial navigation. No practical experience. And then you get to go to the local TSA office and have a guy whose name you can't pronounce do a background check on you? No way.
Not to say it was always better in the old days.
Remember Frank Mundis from Jaws fame. he was a charter boat captain for many years. Ran into a problem one year when he forgot to renew his license in advance and then was unable to take the test as he claimed to be unable to read and write.